A
LINKED OPEN DATA PROJECT ON
FRIDA KAHLO

About FRIDA

Study of the domain

Frida Kahlo was a revolutionary individual. She reacted against the pain she faced throughout her life.

Born on 6th July 1907 in Coyocoan, Mexico City. Even though she declared to be born in 1910 to be a symbol of the Mexican Revolution

Frida, as many Mexican artists working after the Revolutionary decade that began in 1910, was influenced by the nationalistic fervor of the Mexicanidad. These artists rejected European influences and found expressivity in folk tradition, as well as, in their country’s native roots.

She grew up at the Blue House: now a museum dedicated to her life and to Mexican art. The house is blue, like the open sky.

Frida suffered from poor health since she was a child: she caught poliomyelitis when she was six, causing a foot deviation. This is the reason why she wore long skirts. She used to paint self-portraits to depict the subject she knew the most: herself. The portraits often captured her strong brows and deep stare.

As for education, she attended the National Preparatory School of Mexico City in 1922 where she distinguished herself for her bravery, this is where she met Diego Rivera for the first time.

Kahlo joined Los Cachuchas when she was 14, it was a political group named after the peaked cloth caps they wore, as a sign of subversion against the rigid dress code of the period. One of the most influential participants at this party was Gómez Arias, with whom she had a relationship.

In 1925 she was injured badly at a tram crash: her spine, pelvis, and hips were permanently harmed. She had to stay in hospital for a long time, so she started painting in bed, not to think about the pain she was going through.

She reconnected with Diego Rivera in 1928, they were free together traveling the world, fighting for the Mexican Revolution. Although their relationship was conflictual: they both had affairs with other people and were separated a lot of times, but they still always went back together.

It is possible to see Frida’s influences and her artistic process in her personal diary. Frida never stopped expressing herself in the truest way possible, influenced by Surrealism, her mind was an open pond.

Her art was displayed for the first time in 1931 at the yearly meeting of the Women Artist Society, today. Between our items we considered also the photographs displaying Frieda with the exiled Russian revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky. She wanted peace, that’s why she changed her name to Fried(a), to protest against German Nazis. When Frida had a miscarriage, she painted the Henry Ford Hospital (1932) in which the main subjects are her blood and interrupted pregnancies, in this desolate environment, she finds the courage to use blood to nourish plants.

Nickolas Murray was a lover and a good friend for Frida, they had epistolary exchanges since 1937. Murray was a photographer and took more than 60 pictures of Frieda during their 10 years of relationship.

Her portraits became more symbolic when she painted the Broken Column in 1944: the religious imagery and desolate landscape are a mirror of her mental state. She started wearing corsets to protest and offer her truest emotions. Her pain is a constant in all her works.

"I'm not sick. I'm broken. But I'm happy to be alive, as long as I can paint." | 27 April 1953.

Selected Items

The following are the 10 selected items we have picked for the domain of study

Frida's documentary

Documentary

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This documentary is a journey throughout Frida’s life. It depicts her turbulent but independent existance, her colorful paintings’ vibrancy, her intimacy sphere and the truth behind this iconic character.

Frida: An open life

Biography

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This biography, written by the Mexican art critic Raquel Tibol, describes in detail Frida's medical conditions, while also analysing her letters, interviews and journals. This collection reveals Frida’s complexity: from sadness to her immutable creative spirit.

Photograph of Kahlo and Trotsky' meeting

Photo of Kahlo and Trosky

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Although her relationship with the Communist Revolutionary, Leon Trotsky, only lasted a few months, the artist was deeply influenced by the Mexicanidad movement. Frida and her husband Diego, hosted Trotsky and his wife. Frida and Trotsky had an affair, but after some time they remained friends. As Stalin’s power grew, Trotsky’s supportered diminuished: he eventually got killed. Frida was questioned about his death but it was stalinist supporter who accomplished the murder. After their affair, Frida painted Trotsky: the Mexican Revolutionist kept on living through her art.

Frida-TED Ed

Ted Ed Video

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“Feet, what do I need you for when I have wings to fly?” This video from TED is a throughout description of Frida Kahlo’s experiences and sufferings, while also depicting the creative process behind her art.

Letter to Nickolas Muray

Letter to Nickolas Muray

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In this letter to her lover, Frida talks about her illness and her feelings toward the sculptor-painter Marcel Duchamp. She references an upcoming exhibition to be held at Pierre Colle, and her ambition to organize an exhibition in London. She thanked Nickolas for sending her money with a pseudonym, but she also tells him that she has finances and doesn't need help.

La casa Azul

Frida Kahlo Museum

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La Casa Azul is the ultimate universe of Frida Kahlo. It is the place where she was born and where she spent the majority of her life. It was her intention to leave it as a memorial to herself, that’s why Rivera turned it into a museum after her death. This house contains both artists’ paintings, pre-Columbian sculptures, photographs, books, and clothes (corsets and Tehuana dresses).

1933 Article by Diego Rivera, the first art critic on Frida

Diego Rivera's Article

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In this article, Diego firstly displays the history of the founding cultures of the Pre-hispanic and Spanish periods and the 19th century. Mexican artists reclaimed their independence after colonialism. There were 2 main art streams: those who copied Picasso and Dalì, and those who expressed their personality and mind through art, like Frida did. This article represents one of the first art critics on Kahlo's Art.

The Broken Column: Painting

The Broken Column

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In 1925 Frida was injured on a tram accident which crashed on a car at 18 years old. Pain and suffering are a constant topic in Frida’s painting. In this symbolic painting the split in her torso looks like an earthquake fissure. Dressed with a hospital sheet, a broken column is put in place of her spine, looking like she is breaking into pieces. She has tears on her face, but she sends a message of moral triumph.

Photo of Kahlo by Muray

Portrait by Nickolas Muray

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Nickolas Muray was Kahlo’s friend and longtime lover. He took photos of the mexican artist between 1937 (after 6 years into the relationship) and 1948, they worked together in order to frame and compose the pictures. These 90+ scenes show Kahlo's resilience and individuality, as well as the most vulnerable moments of her life. Her Tehuana dresses are shown often.

Frida’s diary is a collection of notes and drawnings. It was a way of connecting with her own feelings, and conveying her ideas in her artistic practice. Symbolism is present throughout her diary. Blue is the color of electricity and purity, while yellow represented madness, illness, fear, sometimes the sun, and happiness. This online exhibition hosted by Google Arts and Culture keeps Kahlo's memory alive.

   

Knowledge Organization

   

Conceptual Map

The main topic of our project is Frida Kahlo: a Mexican revolutionary painter. The items we have chosen are all relevant in order to tell the truth about her story. The purpose of our conceptual map is to represent the extracted data, all in natural language. This step represents data as extracted from the items and also the relationips between them. All purple nodes in the graph represent the items, while orange nodes represent important events and people related to the main subject.

E/R Model

This second model displays data and relationships from the conceptual map in a more abstracted layer. Here we represent people, dates, subjects, places etc. as entities and the connections between them as relationships.

Metadata Analysis

All standards allow computational modeling, helping mediate through different cultural heritage sources. All standards refer to cultural works.

The documentary hosted by Imdb-online informative database links television series, home video and television content online- we chose to use Schema.org because it is an appropriate schemas to deal with cinematographic items. Regarding the bibliography, it was under the Internet archive institution, it followed MARC standard.

As for Trotsky and Kahlo photography, the representation of Wikimedia Commons doesn’t follow any specific standard, hence we chose CIDOC-CRM suited for archival data. The portrait of Frida Kahlo is held by the MET Museum: an institution that adopts the CCRel license properties, but enhanced through Getty vocabularies; for this reason we selected CDWA to be the fittest standard. The Ted Educational Video is present both on Youtube and Ted-Talk: these institutions don’t follow any specific standard, but we decided to opt for the highly general Dublin Core standard.

The Diary is both an exhibition and an object itself, we chose the exhibition as an item event, being hosted on Google Arts and Culture, the museum "La casa Azul" did not have a standard, so we chose to adopt CCO- Catalogue for Cultural Objects: content standard for the descriptionof works of art, architecture and material culture. Its attempt is that of meeting the needs of both usual resources and museum communities.

The letter held by the American Archive of Arts, but we could not find their used metadata standard, so we decided to use the MARC standard to represent it; while the museum represented by ISNII follows Marc21.

As for the Article we e-mailed ICAA to know their adopted standard, they were under the supervision of Getty vocabularies for property choices, so we decided to adopt CDWA.

The order of metadata standards is equal to their relevancy to the project. In order to display the standards we retrieved ourselves we have displayed them with a (*).

  • 1. SCHEMA.ORG: a collaborative activity that creates and maintains schema for structured data for the Web. Founded by Google and Microsoft, it constitutes a shared vocabulary for extensible experiences.
  • 2. Dublin Core: allows the bridging of established metadata and graph-based solutions for integration across data within a Linked Data ecosystem. Made up of 15 metadata elements, it offers expanded cataloging information and improved indexing for search engine programs.
  • 3. CIDOC-CRM CIDOC-CRM - Conceptual Reference Model, it is a theoretical as well as a practical tool to extend and integrate cultural heritage information. Allows the retrieval of specific data points. It defines concepts and relationships essential for the analysis of Cultural Heritage materials.
  • 4. CDWA/CCO Categories for the Description of Works of Art. It is a data standard of art and its disciplines. This core offers a conceptual framework for retrieving information. It can be used to map data, identify issues, and openly link data.
  • 5. MARC/MARC21. A MARCXML standard, offering detailed descriptions of data elements, enriched with historic sections.
  • 6. CCO: Cataloguing Cultural Objects. This guide is the first data content standard specifically intended for cataloging cultural heritage material. Following the development of metadata sets such as CDWA and Dublin Core, CCO syntax guides the choice of terms for ordering data. Cataloging of all cultural works: paintings, sculptures, objects of material culture, architecture/built works, installation art, performance art, manuscripts, photographs, and prints.

Item Type Source Metadata Standard
Documentary on Frida KahloDocumentaryIMDBSchema.org
Biography of Frida KahloBookInternet ArchiveMARC-XML
Photo of Kahlo and TroskyPhotoWikimedia CommonsCIDOC-CRM*
Ted-Ed on Frida KahloVideo ObjectYoutube/TED-EdDublin Core*
Frida Kahlo's letter to Nickolas MurrayCorrespondenceAmerican Archive of ArtsMARC*
Frida Kahlo MuseumBuildingInternational Standard Name IdentifierMARC21
Article by Diego RiveraArticleInternational Center For The Arts Of The AmericasCDWA
The Broken ColumnPaintingMuseo Dolores OlmedoCDWA*
Frida Kahlo portraitPhotoMET MuseumCDWA*
Frida Kahlo's DiaryBookGoogle Arts and Culture/ La Casa AzulCCO*

Metadata Alignment

After having found the linked institutions and corresponding standard, this last fundamental step allows the final description and interconnection between items. The whole purpose of this project was to adopt shared semantic ontologies in order to deliver coherent data.

    The final adopted standards:
  • 1. Dublin Core : dcterms. Applied over most standards, for its core relevancy.
  • 2. Schema.org: Schema:
  • 3. CDWA: applied as a shared markup vocabulary.
  • 4. CRM: CRM:
  • Regarding the standards, where we could not find the metadata alignement we wrote N/A on the table below.

    Property Dublin Core CDWA Schema.org Marc/Marc21 CCO CIDOC-CRM
    Creatordcterms:creatorCreator Description
    Creator Identity
    Creator Role
    creator100 - Main Entry - Personal NameCreator display
    Creator Extent
    E39 Creator
    P94 has created (was created by)
    P14 carried out by (performed)
    Contributordcterms:contributorCreator Description
    Creator Identity
    Creator Role
    contributor511 - Participant or PerformerRoleN/A
    Ownershipdcterms:provenanceOwner/Agent
    Owner/Agent Role
    N/A600 - Subject Added Entry - Personal NameN/AP52 has current owner (is current owner of)
    P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of)
    Publisherdcterms:publisherCreator Description
    Creator Identity
    Creator Role
    publisher710 - Added Entry - Corporate NameN/AN/A
    Property Dublin Core CDWA Schema.org Marc/Marc21 CCO CIDOC-CRM
    Rightsdcterms:rightsCopyright Statement
    Copyright Holder Name
    license561 - Ownership and Custodial HistoryN/AE30 Right
    Title Variantdcterms:alternativePreferencealternateName246 - Variation form of titleTitle TypeN/A
    Titledcterms:titleTitle Textname240 - Uniform TitleTitleE35 Title
    P102 has title (is title of)
    Typedcterms:typeClassification Termcategory336 - Content TypeTypeE55 Type
    Subjectdcterms:subjectSubject Displayabout072 - Subject Category CodeSubjectP129 is about (is subject of)
    P104 is subject to (applies to)
    Physical Descriptiondcterms:mediumDimensions Type
    Dimensions Description
    materialExtent300 - Physical DescriptionMeasurements display
    Materials and Techniques display
    Physical Description
    E16 Measurement
    E54 Dimension
    Languagedcterms:languageInscription LanguageinLanguage377 - Associated LanguageLanguageE56 Language
    P72 has language (is language of)
    P43 has dimension (is dimension of)
    Identifierdcterms:identifierRepository Numbers
    Number Type
    identifier003 - Control Number IdentifierN/AE42 Identifier
    P35 has identified (was identified by)
    Formatdcterms:formatFormat/SizeencodingFormat006 - Fixed-Length Data ElementsFormatE26 Physical Feature
    Eventdcterms:eventHistorical/Cultural EventseventN/AEventE5 Event
    Descriptiondcterms:descriptionDescriptive Note Text
    Abstract Description
    description300 - Physical DescriptionDescriptionN/A
    Property Dublin Core CDWA Schema.org Marc/Marc21 CCO CIDOC-CRM
    Locationdcterms:spatialPlace Qualifierspatial852 - LocationPlace/LocationE53 Place
    E94 Space Primitive
    Creation LocationN/ACreation Place/Original Location
    Place Qualifier
    locationCreated260 - Publication, Distribution, etc. (Imprint)Creation LocationP168 place is defined by (defines place)
    Collectiondcterms:isPartOfWork Broader ContextisPartOf830 - Series Added Entry - Uniform TitleN/AE78 Curated Holding
    Depicted Locationdcterms:subjectCurrent Location DescriptioncontentLocation850 - Holding InstitutionCurrent Location displayP74 has current or former residence (is current or former residence of)
    Property Dublin Core CDWA Schema.org Marc/Marc21 CCO CIDOC-CRM
    Creation Datedcterms:createdCreation Date
    Date Qualifier
    dateCreated388 - Time Period of CreationDisplay Date
    Earliest Date
    Latest Date
    Date Qualifier
    E4 Period
    E52 Time-Span
    Publication Datedcterms:createdCreation Date
    Date Qualifier
    datePublished362 - Dates of Publication and/or Sequential DesignationDisplay Date
    Earliest Date
    Latest Date
    Date Qualifier
    E4 Period
    E52 Time-Span

    Theoretical Model

    The theoretical model displays a new level of interpretation. The model is enriched with information from the Web. The goal is to answer these questions:

    • WHO? People related to the main topic and their role.
    • WHAT? Description of the objects: their scope and features.
    • WHERE? Places and meaningful locations.
    • WHEN? Relevant dates and events.

    Enhanced E/R Model

    From natural language to an Entity/Relationships model again. Similar to the previous E/R model additional information is inserted.

    Conceptual Model

    Finally we reach the deepest level of abstraction through this formal representation. This model is ontological because it represent entities and relationships according to the final adopted standards and classes of the corresponding institutions. The adopted properties are drawn from existant schemas, ontologies and vocabularies.

    Knowledge Representation

       

    Items Description

    In the knowledge representation part we will be creating new data based on the items we have selected. We produce a table for each item where we produce statements in the form of subject-predicate-object.

    In order to download the table information in csv format, please click on download table button placed at the bottom of each table

    Subject Predicate Object
    Documentarycdwa:classification termDocumentary
    Documentarydcterms:created2020
    Documentarydcterms:creatorAli Ray
    Documentarydcterms:creatorPhil Grabsky
    Documentarydcterms:creatorDíana Bermudez
    DocumentarySchema:AboutKahlos family members
    DocumentarySchema:hasPartFrida's letters
    DocumentarySchema:AboutFrida Kahlo
    Documentarydcterms:extent90 minutes
    Subject Predicate Object
    Biographydcterms:titleFrida Kahlo: An Open Life
    Biographydcterms:typeBook
    Biographydcterms:created1993
    BiographySchema:AuthorRaquel Tibol
    Biographydcterms:isPartOfHathiTrust Digital Library
    BiographySchema:publishedByAlbuquerque: University of New Mexico Press
    Biographydcterms:languageEnglih
    BiographySchema:AboutFrida Kahlo
    Subject Predicate Object
    Trotsky and Kahlo Photodcterms:titleFrida Kahlo and Trotsky
    Trotsky and Kahlo Photodcterms:typePhoto
    Trotsky and Kahlo Photodcterms:createdJanuary 24, 1937
    Trotsky and Kahlo Photocdwa:creator identityBettman
    Trotsky and Kahlo PhotoSchema:aboutLeon Trotsky
    Trotsky and Kahlo PhotoSchema:aboutNatalia Sedova
    Trotsky and Kahlo PhotoSchema:aboutFrida Kahlo
    Subject Predicate Object
    Ted-Edcdwa:title textFrida Kahlo: The woman behind the legend
    Ted-EdCRM:P55 has current locationYouTube
    Ted-Eddcterms:languageEnglish
    Ted-Eddcterms:created2019
    Ted-Eddcterms:typeEducational Video
    Ted-Eddcterms:creatorIseult Gillespie
    Ted-EdSchema:AboutFrida Kahlo
    Ted-Eddcterms:extent3 minutes, 54 seconds
    Subject Predicate Object
    Letter to Nickolas Muraydcterms:titleFrida Kahlo, Paris, France letter to Nickolas Muray, New York, N.Y.
    Letter to Nickolas Muraydcterms:typeCorrespondence
    Letter to Nickolas Muraydcterms:created1939
    Letter to Nickolas MurayCRM:P55 has current locationArchives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
    Letter to Nickolas Muraydcterms:languageEnglish
    Letter to Nickolas MuraySchema:AuthorFrida Kahlo
    Letter to Nickolas MurayCRM:P26 moved toNickolas Muray
    Letter to Nickolas MurayCRM:P67 refers toMarcel Duchamp
    Letter to Nickolas MuraySchema:hasPartAndré Bréton, illness
    Subject Predicate Object
    Kahlo Museumdcterms:titleCasa Azul
    Kahlo MuseumCRM49:has former or curatorMexican Government
    Kahlo Museumdcterms:typeArt Museum
    Kahlo Museumcdwa:creation date1957
    Kahlo Museumdcterms:creatorCarlos Pellicer
    Kahlo MuseumCRM:P19 was intended use of (was made for)Kahlo's Home
    Kahlo MuseumSchema:OfferFrida Kahlo
    Subject Predicate Object
    Diego Rivera's Articledcterms:titleFrida Kahlo y el arte mexicano
    Diego Rivera's Articledcterms:typeJournal Article
    Diego Rivera's Articledcterms:created1943
    Diego Rivera's Articledcterms:languageSpanish
    Diego Rivera's ArticleCRM:P55 has current locationInstituto de investigaciones Bibliográficas
    Diego Rivera's ArticleSchema:AboutFrida Kahlo
    Subject Predicate Object
    The Broken Columndcterms:titleThe Broken Column
    The Broken ColumnCRM:P90 has value40cmx30.7cm
    The Broken Columncdwa:subject displayPain and Streght
    The Broken ColumnSchema:AboutFrida's Spinal surgery
    The Broken Columndcterms:typePainting
    The Broken Columndcterms:typeOil on basonite
    The Broken Columndcterms:created1944
    The Broken ColumnCRM:P55 has current locationMuseo Dolores Olmedo Patino
    The Broken Columndcterms: creatorFrida Kahlo
    Subject Predicate Object
    Frida Kahlo PortraitSchema:AboutFrida Kahlo
    Frida Kahlo Portraitdcterms:created1939
    Frida Kahlo PortraitCRM:P55 has current locationMET Museum
    Frida Kahlo Portraitcdwa:classification termPhotograph
    Frida Kahlo Portraitdcterms:titleFrida Kahlo
    Subject Predicate Object
    Frida Kahlo's DiaryCRM:P65 is shown byA peek at Frida's diary
    Frida Kahlo's Diarydcterms:typeBiographic
    Frida Kahlo's Diarydcterms:typeOnline Exhibition
    Frida Kahlo's DiaryCRM:P55 has current locationGoogle Arts&Culture
    Frida Kahlo's Diarydcterms:creatorMuseo Dolores Elmedo
    Frida Kahlo's DiarySchema:AuthorFrida Kahlo

       

    URI Production

    In this step we select 4 items from our given list as RDF subjects: La Casa Azul, the Portrait, the Biography and the Documentary. We create the following URIs to describe the items and their significant entities

    https://w3id.org/fridakahlolodchamber

    https://w3id.org/fridakahlolodchamber/item/casa-azul

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/item/frida-kahlo-portrait

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/item/frida-kahlo-an-open-life

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/item/documentary-frida-kahlo

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/place/mexico

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/place/new-york

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/language/english

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/year/1939

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/year/1957

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/year/1993

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/year/2020

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/person/nickolas-muray

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/person/frida-kahlo

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/person/carlos-pellicer

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/person/raquel-tibol

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber /person/ali-ray

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber /person/phil-grabsky

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/institution/met-museum

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/institution/mexican-government

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/institution/hathitrust-digital-library

    https://w3id.org/ fridakahlolodchamber/institution/albuquerque-university-of-new-mexico-press

    RDF Production

    In this step we use the URIs that were produced in the previous step and produce RDF statements in the form of triples according to turtle serialization. These statements also include other authorities and sources which we link to our existing item's data.

    RDF Visualization

    Finally, below is the visualization of the RDF statements to have a better understanding of the knowledge

    OUR TEAM

    Here is the team that worked on the project

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